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Endocarditis
Urgent
Endocarditis is an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and, most importantly, the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and attach to abnormal or damaged heart tissue, although fungi and other microorganisms can occasionally cause it. Symptoms may develop gradually or appear suddenly and can include fever, chills, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart sounds. Endocarditis can damage heart valves and cause serious complications if it is not diagnosed and treated promptly.
Body System
Heart & Blood Vessels
When to Seek Medical Attention
Endocarditis requires prompt medical treatment. Seek urgent care for persistent fever with worsening illness, new or worsening shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, confusion, weakness, or other signs of serious infection. Sudden neurological symptoms or severe breathing difficulty require emergency care.
Symptoms
3
Causes
1
Treatments
5
Diet
3
Overview
Endocarditis is an infection or inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and, most importantly, the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and attach to abnormal or damaged heart tissue, although fungi and other microorganisms can occasionally cause it. Symptoms may develop gradually or appear suddenly and can include fever, chills, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart sounds. Endocarditis can damage heart valves and cause serious complications if it is not diagnosed and treated promptly.
Symptoms 3
Coughing Blood
Fatigue
Fever
Causes 1
Endocarditis usually occurs when microorganisms enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart, where they attach to the inner lining or heart valves. Bacteria are the most common cause, although fungi and other organisms can also be responsible. Damaged or artificial heart valves and certain congenital heart conditions can provide surfaces where microorganisms can attach more easily. Bacteria may enter the bloodstream through dental or medical procedures, skin infections, intravenous drug use, or other infections. The specific organism determines treatment.
Infection
Risk Factors
Risk factors for endocarditis include certain abnormal or artificial heart valves, previous endocarditis, some congenital heart conditions, injection of drugs with contaminated equipment, and infections that can enter the bloodstream. Certain invasive medical procedures may increase exposure to bacteria, although the absolute risk varies. People with damaged heart tissue or prosthetic valves are particularly susceptible because microorganisms can attach more easily to abnormal surfaces. Good dental and general health can reduce some sources of bloodstream infection.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a patient's medical history,
symptoms, physical examination and, when necessary,
laboratory or imaging investigations.
Diagnosis of endocarditis is based on symptoms, medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and heart imaging. Multiple blood samples are usually collected to identify the responsible microorganism before antibiotics are started when possible. Echocardiography can detect abnormal growths on valves, valve damage, or other cardiac findings. Additional imaging and laboratory tests may be needed to identify complications or the source of infection. Diagnosis can be challenging when blood cultures are negative or symptoms are nonspecific.
Prevention
Key Prevention Tips
Not all cases of endocarditis can be prevented
Good oral hygiene and regular dental care can reduce some sources of bloodstream infection
People at particularly high risk may be advised to receive preventive antibiotics before certain dental procedures, according to current medical recommendations
Prompt treatment of skin infections and avoiding injection of drugs with shared or contaminated equipment can also reduce risk
People with prosthetic valves or previous endocarditis should follow individualized prevention advice from their healthcare team
Prevention Guidance
Not all cases of endocarditis can be prevented. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care can reduce some sources of bloodstream infection. People at particularly high risk may be advised to receive preventive antibiotics before certain dental procedures, according to current medical recommendations. Prompt treatment of skin infections and avoiding injection of drugs with shared or contaminated equipment can also reduce risk. People with prosthetic valves or previous endocarditis should follow individualized prevention advice from their healthcare team.
Reminder: Prevention recommendations should be tailored to your personal health status and risk factors.
Treatment & Management 5
Detailed treatment guidance is currently being prepared.
Detailed treatment guidance is currently being prepared.
Detailed treatment guidance is currently being prepared.
Detailed treatment guidance is currently being prepared.
Detailed treatment guidance is currently being prepared.
Medical Note: The treatment information provided is intended for educational purposes only.
Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting,
stopping, or changing any treatment.
Diet & Nutrition 3
Recommended Foods
Protein Rich Foods
Support recovery from infection.
Fresh Fruits
Provide vitamins.
Vegetables
Support immune function.
Foods to Avoid
Alcohol
May interfere with treatment.
Highly Processed Foods
Provide limited nutritional value.
Medical Nutrition Note: Diet recommendations are intended for general educational purposes and should be tailored to individual health needs by a qualified healthcare professional.
Frequently Asked Questions 5
Endocarditis is an infection of the heart lining and valves.
Bacteria entering the bloodstream are the most common cause.
Fever, fatigue, and heart murmurs are common symptoms.
Blood cultures and echocardiography are important tests.
Yes, untreated infection can damage heart valves.
Helpful Tip: These answers provide general medical information.
Consult your healthcare provider for advice tailored to your condition.